Publications

MEACHAM, K.W., GUO, L., DEWEERTH, S.P., AND HOCHMAN, S. Selective Stimulation of the Spinal Cord Surface Using a Conformable Microelectrode Array. Frontiers in Neuroengineering. April, Volume4, Article5, pages1-12 (2011). [pdf]

THORPE, A.J., CLAIR, A., HOCHMAN, S. AND CLEMENS, S. Possible Sites of Therapeutic Action in Restless Legs Syndrome: Focus on Dopamine and α2-δ Ligands. Eur Neurol. 66(1):18-29 (2011). [pdf]

HAYES, H.B., CHANG, Y-H, AND HOCHMAN, S. Using an in vitro spinal cord-hindlimb rat model to address the role of sensory feedback in spinally-generated locomotion. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation. 17(1), 34-41 (2011). [pdf]

HOCHMAN, S. Long-term patch recordings from adult spinal neurons herald new era of opportunity. J Neurophysiol 106: 2794–2795, 2011. [pdf]

HOCHMAN, S., GOZAL, E.A., HAYES, H.B., ANDERSON, J., DEWEERTH, S.D., AND CHANG, Y.-H. Enabling techniques for in vitro studies on mammalian spinal locomotor mechanisms: integrating afferent feedback and attached hindlimbs. In Press. Frontiers in Bioscience (2011).

HOCHMAN, S., SHRECKENGOST, J., KIMURA, H., & QUEVEDO, J. Presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents by depolarization: Observations supporting non-traditional mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1198:140-52, 2010.[pdf]

GUO, L., MEACHAM, K.W., HOCHMAN, S. and DEWEERTH, S.P. A PDMS-Based Conical-Well Microelectrode Array for Surface Stimulation and Recording of Neural Tissues. IEEE-TBME 57(10):2485-94. (2010). [pdf]

SHRECKENGOST, J., CALVO, J., QUEVEDO, J. & HOCHMAN, S. Bicuculline-sensitive primary afferent depolarization remains after greatly restricting synaptic transmission in the mammalian spinal cord. J. Neurosci.,  30(15):5283–5288 (2010). [pdf]

ZIMMERMAN, A., & HOCHMAN, S. Heterogeneity of membrane properties in sympathetic preganglionic neurons of neonatal mice: Evidence of four subpopulations in the intermediolateral nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 103:490-8 (2010). [pdf]

DOUGHERTY, K.J., SAWCHUK, M.A. AND S. HOCHMAN. Phenotypic Diversity and Expression of GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons During Postnatal Development in Lumbar Spinal Cord of GAD67-GFP Mice. Neuroscience. (2009). [pdf]

HAYES, H.B., Y.-H. CHANG, and S. HOCHMAN. An in vitro spinal cord-hindlimb preparation for studying behaviorally relevant rat locomotor function. J Neurophysiol, 101:1114-22 (2009). [pdf]

ZHU, H., CLEMENS, S., SAWCHUK, M. & HOCHMAN, S. Unaltered  D1, D2, D4, and D5 Dopamine receptor mRNA expression and distribution in the spinal cord of the D3-receptor knockout mouse. Journal of Comparative Physiology – A. 194:957–962 (2008). [pdf]

HOCHMAN, S. Depression of spinal sensory transmission during REM sleep: Dopaminergic involvement and insights into Restless Legs Syndrome. J. Neurophysiol 100:549-50 (2008). [pdf]

DOUGHERTY, K.J., & HOCHMAN, S. Spinal Cord Injury Causes Plasticity in a Subpopulation of Lamina I GABAergic Interneurons. J Neurophysiol. 100:212-23 (2008). [pdf]

ANITHA, M., JOSEPH, I., DING, X., TORRE, E.R., SAWCHUK, M.A., MWANGI, S., HOCHMAN, S., SITARAMAN, S.V., ANANIA, F., SRINIVASAN, S., Characterization of fetal and postnatal enteric neuronal cell lines with improvement in intestinal neural function, Gastroenterology, 134:1424-35 (2008). [pdf]

MEACHAM, K.W., GIULY, R.J., GUO, L., HOCHMAN, S., & DEWEERTH, S.P. A lithographically-patterned, elastic multi-electrode array for surface stimulation of the spinal cord. Biomedical Microdevices,10:259-69 (2008). [pdf]

HOCHMAN, S. Primer: Spinal Cord. Current Biology. 17:22 R950-955. (2007) [pdf]

ZHU,H., CLEMENS, S., SAWCHUK, M.A., & HOCHMAN, S. Expression and distribution of all dopamine receptor subtypes (D1-D5) in the mouse lumbar spinal cord: A real-time PCR and non-autoradiographic in situ hybridization study. Neuroscience, 149(4): 885-897 (2007). [pdf]

MACHACEK, D.W. & HOCHMAN, S. Noradrenaline unmasks novel self-reinforcing motor circuits within the mammalian spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 26:5920-5928 (2006). [pdf]

CLEMENS, S., RYE, D. & HOCHMAN, S. Restless Legs Syndrome: Revisiting the dopamine hypothesis from the spinal cord angle. Neurology, 67:125-130 (2006). [pdf]

CUI, D., DOUGHERTY, K.J., MACHACEK, D.W., SAWCHUCK, M., HOCHMAN, S. & BARO, D.J. Divergence between motoneuron cell types: Gene expression profiling provides a molecular characterization of functionally discrete somatic and autonomic motoneurons. Physiological genomics, 24:276-89 (2006). [pdf]

SHAY, B.L., SAWCHUK, M.A., MACHACEK, D.W. & HOCHMAN, S. Serotonin produces long-lasting bi-directional changes in spinal reflex strength by activity-independent mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 94:2867-77 (2005). [pdf]

DOUGHERTY, K.J., SAWCHUK, M., AND HOCHMAN, S. Properties of mouse spinal lamina I GABAergic interneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 94:3221-7 (2005). [pdf]

CLEMENS, S., SAWCHUK, M., AND HOCHMAN, S. Reversal of the circadian expression of tyrosine-hydroxylase but not nitric oxide synthase levels in the spinal cord of D3 receptor knockout mice. Neuroscience 133(2):353-7 (2005). [pdf]

CLEMENS, S. AND HOCHMAN, S. Conversion of dopamine’s modulatory actions on spinal reflexes from depression to facilitation in D3 receptor knockout mice. Journal of Neuroscience 24:11337-45 (2004). [pdf]

SONG, L., NATH, A., MOORE, A., GEIGER, J.D., AND HOCHMAN, S. HIV-1 Tat protein directly activates neuronal NMDA receptors at an allosteric zinc-sensitive site, Journal of Neurovirology, 9:399-403 (2003). [pdf]

MACDONALD, S.C., FLEETWOOD, I.G., HOCHMAN, S., BROWNSTONE, R., DODD, J.G., CHENG, K.W., AND JORDAN, L.M. Functional motor neurons differentiating from mouse multipotent spinal cord precursors in culture and after transplantation into transected sciatic nerve, Journal of Neurosurgery, 98:1094-1103 (2003). [pdf]

COWLEY, K.C., CINA, C, SCHMIDT, B.J., AND HOCHMAN, S. The isolated rat spinal cord as an in vitro model to study the pharmacological control of spinal myoclonic-like activity, Advances of Neurology, Fahn and Frucht Eds. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 89:275-87, 2002. [pdf]

SHAY, B.L. AND HOCHMAN, S. Serotonin alters multisegmental convergence patterns in spinal cord deep dorsal horn and intermediate laminae neurons, Pain, 95:7-14. (2002). [pdf]

MACDONALD, S.C. SIMCOFF, R., JORDAN, L.M. CHENG, K.W. DODD, J.G. & HOCHMAN, S. A Population of oligodendrocytes derivedfrom multipotent neural precursor cells expresses a cholinergic phenotype in culture and responds to ciliary neurotrophic factor, Journal of Neuroscience Research, 68:255-264 (2002). [pdf]

HOCHMAN S., GARRAWAY, S.M.. MACHACEK, D.W. AND SHAY, B.L. 5-HT receptors and the neuromodulatory control of spinal cord function, Motor Neurobiology of the Spinal Cord. CRC Press, Boca Raton T.C. Cope. (ed)., p47-87, 2001. [pdf]

MACHACEK, D.W., GARRAWAY, S.M., SHAY, B.L. & S. HOCHMAN. Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor activation induces a long -lasting amplification of spinal reflex actions in the rat, Journal of Physiology, 537:201-207 (2001). [pdf]

GARRAWAY, S.M. & HOCHMAN, S. Modulatory actions of serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine and acetylcholine in deep dorsal horn neurons, Journal of Neurophysiology, 86:2183-2194 (2001). [pdf]

NAMAKA, M.P., SAWCHUK, M., MACDONALD, S.C., JORDAN, L.M. & HOCHMAN, S. Precursor proliferation and neurogenesis in postnatal mouse dorsal root ganglia, Experimental Neurology, 172:60-69 (2001). [pdf]

GARRAWAY S.M., AND HOCHMAN, S. Serotonin increases the incidence of primary afferent-evoked long -term depression in rat deep dorsal horn neurons, Journal of Neurophysiology, 85: 1864-1872 (2001). [pdf]

GARRAWAY S.M., AND HOCHMAN, S. Pharmacological characterization of serotonin receptor subtypes modulating primary afferent input to deep dorsal horn neurons in the neonatal rat, British Journal of Pharmacology, 132:1789-1798 (2001). [pdf]

CINA, C., AND HOCHMAN, S. Diffuse distribution of sulforhodamine-labeled neurons during 5-ht evoked locomotion in the neonatal rat thoracolumbar spinal cord, The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 422:590-602 (2000). [pdf]

SCHMIDT, B.J., HOCHMAN, S., AND MACLEAN, J.N. NMDA receptor-mediated oscillatory properties: Potential role in rhythm generation in the mammalian spinal cord, New York Academy of Sciences, In “Neuronal Mechanisms for Generating Locomotor Activity”,860: 189-202, 1998. [pdf]

PARSLEY, C.P., CHENG, K.W., SONG, L. AND HOCHMAN, S. Thin slice CNS explants maintained on collagen-coated culture dishes, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 80:65-74 (1998). [pdf]

HOCHMAN, S. AND SCHMIDT, B.J. Whole-cell recording of locomotor-like activity from motoneurons in the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro, Journal of Neurophysiology, 79:743-752 (1998). [pdf]

HOCHMAN, S., GARRAWAY, S.M. AND POCKETT, S. Membrane properties of deep dorsal horn neurons from neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro, Brain Research, 767:214-219 (1997). [pdf]

GARRAWAY, S., POCKETT, S. AND HOCHMAN, S. Primary afferent-evoked synaptic plasticity in deep dorsal horn neurons from neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro, Neuroscience Letters, 230:61-64 (1997). [pdf]

MACDONALD, S.C. AND HOCHMAN, S.  A variation of the tissue print technique for studying isolated spinal cord cells in situ.  Neurosci. Lett. 223:85-88 (1997).

MACLEAN, J.N., HOCHMAN, S., AND MAGNUSON, D.S.K. Lamina VII neurons are rhythmically active during locomotor-like activity in the neonatal rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 197:9-12 (1995).

HOCHMAN, S., JORDAN, L.M., AND SCHMIDT, B.J.  TTX-resistant NMDA receptor-mediated voltage oscillations in mammalian lumbar motoneurons.  J. Neurophysiol. 72:2559-2562 (1994).

HOCHMAN, S., JORDAN, L.M., AND MACDONALD, J.F. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated voltage oscillations in neurons surrounding the central canal in slices of rat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 72:565-577 (1994).

HOCHMAN, S. AND MCCREA, D.A.  Effects of chronic spinalization on reflexes in ankle extensors. I. Composite Ia EPSPs in four motoneuron pools. J. Neurophysiol. 71:1452-1467 (1994).

HOCHMAN, S. AND MCCREA, D.A. Effects of chronic spinalization on reflexes in ankle extensors. II. Motoneuron electrical properties. J. Neurophysiol. 71:1468-1479 (1994).

HOCHMAN, S., AND MCCREA, D.A. Effects of chronic spinalization on reflexes in ankle extensors. III. Composite Ia EPSPs in motoneurons separated into presumed motor-unit types. J. Neurophysiol. 1480-1490 (1994).

FEDIRCHUK, B., HOCHMAN, S., AND SHEFCHYK, S.J. An intracellular study of perineal and hindlimb afferent inputs onto sphincter motoneurons in the decerebrate cat. Exp. Brain Res. 89:511-516 (1992).

HOCHMAN,S., FEDIRCHUK, B., AND SHEFCHYK, S.J. Membrane electrical properties of external urethral sphincter and external anal sphincter motoneurons in the decerebrate cat. Neurosci. Lett. 127:87-90 (1991).

Leica applications brief

SONG, L., SAWCHUK, M & HOCHMAN S. Ultrathin CNS slices: Enhanced visualization of neuron structure for electrophysiology and imaging, (1997). [pdf]

Recent Abstracts

NOBLE, D., SAWCHUK, M.A., O’NEILL, B., AND HOCHMAN S. Isolating a role for deep breathing in reducing activation of stress-related limbic circuits. EB (2012)

O’NEILL, B., ZIMMERMAN, A., SAWCHUK, M., AND HOCHMAN, S. Changes in mouse serotonin and dopamine receptor labeling in the intermediolateral nucleus after spinal cord injury. EB (2012).

WILKINSON, K., AND HOCHMAN, S. Acute inflammation alters the response to stretch in mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle afferents. EB (2012).

SPEIGEL, I. AND HOCHMAN, S. Serotonin preferentially depresses presynaptic inhibition of contralateral primary afferents in the isolated rat spinal cord. (2011) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 37.

WILKINSON, K., KLOEFKORN, H. & HOCHMAN, S. Characterization of adult mouse muscle spindle afferents in an in vitroisolated muscle nerve preparation. EB (2011)

TODD, J.L., DEWEERTH, S.P. & HOCHMAN, S. Complex cholinergic pharmacology of alternating left-right lumbar motor rhythms. (2010) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 36.

H.B. Hayes, Y.-H. Chang and S. HOCHMAN. Letting one limb know what the other is doing: Force at ground contact dictates strength of sensory input to the swinging limb during locomotion. Christopher and Dana Reeve Symposium (2010).

WILKINSON, K. & HOCHMAN, S. Intermittent serotonin receptor-2 (5HT2) activation leads to facilitation of muscle afferent activity in a mouse isolated hind limb muscle/nerve preparation. (2010) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 36.

SHRECKENGOST, J., CALVO, J., HOCHMAN, S. & QUEVEDO, J. Contribution of Nicotinic Receptors to Primary Afferent Depolarization in Neonatal Rat and Mouse. (2010) Soc. Neurosci. Abst.

SHRECKENGOST, J., QUEVEDO, J.  & HOCHMAN, S. Primary afferent depolarization of low-threshold afferents does not require trisynaptic pathways. (2009) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 35. [pdf]

ZIMMERMAN, A. & HOCHMAN, S. Electrophysiological identification of intermediolateral sympathetic preganglionic neuron subpopulations in the neonatal mouse. (2009) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 35. [pdf]

TODD, J.L., DEWEERTH, S.P. & HOCHMAN, S. Sacral dorsal column stimulation induced locomotor-like activity is enhanced via tubocurarine and output-based positive feedback. (2009) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 35. [pdf]

HAYES, H.B., CHANG, Y-H., & HOCHMAN, S. Afferent signaling and interneuronal activity during non-fictive locomotion in the in vitro spinal cord - hindlimb rat preparation. (2009) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 35. [pdf]

GOZAL, E.A., HAYES, H.B. & HOCHMAN, S.  Effects of the Trace Amines on Hindlimb Motor Output in the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord. (2008) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 34. [pdf]

SHRECKENGOST, J., QUEVEDO,J.N., CALVO, J., & HOCHMAN, S. A ‘direct’ form of inhibitory control of spinal sensory input. (2008) Chrsistopher and Dana Reeve spinal cord symposium. [pdf]

CALVO, J.R., HOCHMAN, S. & QUEVEDO, J.N. Modulation of sensory-evoked field potentials by monoamines in the hemisect spinal cord of the mouse. (2008) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 34. [pdf]

TODD, J.L., DEWEERTH, S.P., & HOCHMAN, S. Capsaicin-sensitive afferents in the sacral dorsal column activate the hindlimb locomotor CPG. (2008) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 34. [pdf]

HAYES, H.B., HOCHMAN, S., & CHANG, Y-H. Kinematics of a Walking Spinal Cord: Insights from a Novel Isolated Spinal Cord-Hindlimb Preparation. North American Congress on Biomechanics (2008).[pdf]

HAYES, H.B., CHANG, Y-H, & HOCHMAN, S. Mechanosensory Effects on Hindlimb Locomotor Function in an In Vitro Spinal Cord-Hindlimb Rat Preparation. (2008) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 34. [pdf]

TODD,J.L., DEWEERTH,S.P. & HOCHMAN,S. Sacral spinal dorsal column stimulation activates locomotor-like activity via a cholinergic pathway in the neonatal rat spinal cord. (2007) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 33. [pdf]

GOZAL, E.A., SAWCHUK, M.A. & HOCHMAN, S. Trace amine immunolabeling and motor patterning in the neonatal rat spinal cord. (2007) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 33. [pdf]

MEACHAM, K.W., GUO, L., HOCHMAN, S. & DEWEERTH, S.P. Elastomer-based multi-electrode arrays for activation of spinal cord white matter tracts: evaluation of surface stimulation selectivity. (2007) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 33.1. [pdf]

CLEMENS, S., ZHU, H., SUBRAMANIAM, S., SAWCHUK, M.A., & S. HOCHMAN. D3 receptor knockout mice have altered circadian gene expression patterns in spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons. (2006) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 32. [pdf]

GOZAL, EA, WILLIAMS, KK, SAWCHUK, MA & S. HOCHMAN. Trace amines recruit motor activity in the isolated neonatal rat spinal cord. (2006) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 32. [pdf]

DOUGHERTY, KJ & S. HOCHMAN. Selective plasticity in subpopulations of mouse lamina I GABAergic neurons after chronic spinal injury. (2006) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 32. [pdf]

M. HERNÁNDEZ-RODRÍGUEZ; J. R. CALVO; S. HOCHMAN; J.N. QUEVEDO. Monoaminergic modulation of pathways mediating sensory-evoked pad in the hemisected spinal cord of the mouse. (2006) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 32. [pdf]

BRANT, H.E., HOCHMAN, S., & CHANG, Y.H. A comparison of motor outcomes between in vitro and in vivo rat locomotion. (2006) Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 32 [pdf]

CUI D, SUBRAMANIAM S, DOUGHERTY KJ, MACHACEK DW, SAWCHUK MA, BARO DJ & HOCHMAN S. Limited changes in lumbar motoneuron gene expression 3 weeks after thoracic spinal cord transection. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 31. (2005). [pdf]

BREEN B, DOUGHERTY KJ, WILHELM J & HOCHMAN S. Comparison of two forms of epileptiform activity in spinal cord. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 31. (2005). [pdf]

MACHACEK DW, SAWCHUCK M & HOCHMAN S. Monoaminergic modulation of Recurrent Inhibition in the Neonatal Rat. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 31. (2005). [pdf]

CLEMENS S, ZHU H, SUBRAMANIAM S, SAWCHUK M & HOCHMAN S. Expression profiling reveals circadian patterns of gene expression in the spinal sympathetic system: Focus on monoaminergic mechanisms. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 31. (2005). [pdf]

DOUGHERTY KJ & HOCHMAN S. Lamina I GABAergic Interneurons Become More Excitable Following Spinal Cord. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 31. (2005). [pdf]

DOUGHERTY KJ, SAWCHUK, M & HOCHMAN S. Continuing characterization of GABAergic neurons in spinal cord lamina I of GAD67-EGFP expressing transgenic mice, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 30. (2004). [pdf]

CLEMENS, S & HOCHMAN, S. Monosynaptic and longer-latency reflexes in the mouse spinal cord differ in their responses to dopamine and D2-like agonists and antagonists, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 30. (2004). [pdf]

SAWCHUK, M, CLEMENS, S & HOCHMAN, S. Circadian variation in tyrosine-hydroxylase levels in sympathetic intermediolateral nucleus of spinal cord & greatly reduced staining in D3 receptor knockout mice, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 30. (2004). [pdf]

GIESEKER, E, WILLIAMS, K, SAWCHUK, M & HOCHMAN, S. The trace amine tyramine is found in spinal ventral horn neurons and induces locomotor-like activity in the isolated neonatal rat spinal cord, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 30. (2004). [pdf]

HOCHMAN, S, WILHELM, JC, DOUGHERTY, KJ, MACHACEK D & ADUONUM, A. Dependence on metabotropic glutamate receptor activation but not Ca2+ entry in the genesis of novel convulsant-induced bursting in rat spinal cord, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 30. (2004). [pdf]

ZHU, H, SAWCHUK, M, CLEMENS, S & HOCHMAN, S. Distribution of D1-D5 dopamine receptor mrna in mouse spinal cord, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 30. (2004). [pdf]

GUERTIN, PA, ROUILLARD, C, LÉVESQUE, D, SAWCHUK, M, HOCHMAN, S & LANDRY, ES. Evidence of a specific role for 5-HT2A and 5-HT7 receptors in hindlimb stepping generation induced pharmacologically in paraplegic mice, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 30. (2004). [pdf]

MACHACEK, DW, HATCHER, M, SAWCHUK, M & HOCHMAN, S. Monoaminergic modulation of motor axon recurrent collateral pathways in the neonatal rat spinal cord, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 30. (2004). [pdf]

WILLIAMS, KK, SUNDAR, K, HOCHMAN, S & DEWEERTH, S. Time and frequency domain evaluation of motor patterns evoked in the isolated neonatal rat spinal cord, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 30. (2004). [pdf]

CUI D, DOUGHTERY K, SAWCHUK M, MACHACEK D, HOCHMAN S & BARO DJ. Expression profiling of identified spinal neurons before and after cord injury (SCI), Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 29. (2003). [pdf]

MACHACEK DW & HOCHMAN S. Monoaminergic modulation of synaptic pathways to motoneurons in the isolated rat spinal cord, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 29.(2003). [pdf]

HOCHMAN S, SHEMESH S & SAWCHUK M. Forskolin increases differentiation of precursors into neurons in the isolated neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 29. (2003). [pdf]

SHAY B, SAWCHUK M & HOCHMAN S. Serotonin 5-HT2C receptor activation increases expression of PKCg and PKCz in an isolated rat spinal cord preparation, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 29. (2003). [pdf]

DOUGHERTY KJ, SAWCHUK M & HOCHMAN S. Properties of GABAergic neurons in spinal cord lamina I of GAD67-EGFP expressing transgenic mice, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 29. (2003). [pdf]

CLEMENS S, HUE G, SAWCHUK M, ZHU H & HOCHMAN S. Expression of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors and actions of dopaminergics on spinal circuits in wildtype and D3 knockout mice, Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 29. (2003). [pdf]